Life and Work of Joan Mitchell, New York School Painter

Life and Work of Joan Mitchell, New York School Painter Joan Mitchell (February 12, 1925–October 30, 1992) was an American painter and a so-called â€Å"Second Wave† Abstract Expressionist. (The title does not do justice to her originality as a colorist; the artist preferred the label â€Å"New York School† instead.)  Mitchell’s life was characterized by a robust individualism, and much of her success is owed to her ability to unabashedly broadcast her talent despite the roadblocks set before a female artist painting on such a large scale. Fast Facts: Joan Mitchell Occupation: Painter and colorist (New York School)Born:  February 12, 1925 in Chicago, IllinoisDied: October 30, 1992 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, FranceEducation: Smith College (no degree), Art Institute of Chicago (BFA, MFA)Key Accomplishments: Featured in the 1951 9th Street Show; regarded as a key figure of second wave Abstract ExpressionismSpouse:  Barney Rosset, Jr. (m. 1949–1952) Early Life Joan Mitchell was born February 12, 1925 to Marion and James Mitchell in Chicago, Illinois. Her parents’ behavior often left young Joan alone to develop a staunch sense of self in the absence of her parents’ guidance, not unusual of the upper crust world to which the Mitchell family belonged (her mother was an heiress to a steel fortune, her father a successful dermatologist). Mitchell was marked by a sense that her father would always be disappointed in her, as she was born a second daughter when her parents had wanted a son. She cited her father’s attitude as the reason she became an abstract painter, as it was one realm in which he had no experience nor talent and therefore was a space in which she could fully become her own self. Mitchell’s mother was one of the early editors of Poetry magazine and a successful poet in her own right. The presence of poetry, as well as her mother’s contemporaries (like poets Edna St. Vincent Millay and George Dillon), ensured that Mitchell was always surrounded by words, the influence of which can be found in many of her painting titles, such as â€Å"The Harbormaster,† after a poem of Frank O’Hara’s, and â€Å"Hemlock,† a Wallace Stevens poem. At the age of ten, Mitchell was published in Poetry, the second youngest poet to be published in those pages. Her precociousness earned her respect from her mother, jealousy from her sister Sally, and only occasional approval from her father, whom she worked so hard to please. Mitchell was pushed to excel in all endeavors, and as a result was a superb athlete, a champion diver and tennis player. She was dedicated to figure skating and competed at a regional and national level until she suffered a knee injury and abandoned the sport. Eidetic Memory and Synesthesia Eidetic memory is the ability to vividly recall sensations and visual details of moments in the past. While some children possess the ability to keep images they have experienced in their mind’s eye, many adults lose this ability once they are taught to read, replacing visual with verbal recollection. Joan Mitchell, however, retained the ability into adulthood and as a result was able to summon memories decades past, which had a profound influence on her work.  Ã‚   A Joan Mitchell canvas for sale at Christies in London. Getty Images   Mitchell also had a case of synesthesia, a crossing of neural pathways that manifests in the mixing of senses: letters and words evoke colors, sounds would create physical sensations, and other such phenomena. While Mitchell’s art cannot be described exclusively through her synesthetic eye, the constant presence of vivid color in Mitchell’s everyday certainly had an affected her work. Education and Early Career Though Mitchell wanted to attend art school, her father insisted she have a more traditional education. Thus, Mitchell began college at Smith in 1942. Two years later, she transferred to the School of the Art Institute of Chicago to complete her degree. She then received an MFA from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago in 1950. Mitchell married high school classmate Barnet Rosset, Jr. in 1949. Mitchell encouraged Rosset to found Grove Press, a successful mid-century publisher. The two separated in 1951, and the marriage ended in divorce in 1952, though Mitchell remained friends with Rosset all her life. Mitchell began traveling to Paris in 1955 and moved there in 1959 to live with Jean-Paul Riopelle, a Canadian abstract artist with whom she had a sporadic and drawn-out twenty-five year affair. Paris became Mitchell’s second home, and she purchased a cottage just north of Paris with the money she inherited after her mother’s death in 1967. Her relationship with France was reciprocated, as she was the first woman to have a solo show at the Musà ©e d’Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris in 1982, received the title of Commandeur des Arts et Lettres by the French Ministry of Culture, and was awarded Le Grand Prix des Arts de la Ville de Paris in painting in 1991. Critical Success True to the character she developed during her long tenure as a champion athlete, Mitchell exhibited a toughness that her father would have disparaged as un-ladylike, but which may have been essential to the milieu in which she operated. Mitchell drank, smoked, swore, and hung around in bars, and while not befitting a high-society lady in Chicago, this attitude served Mitchell well: she was one of a handful of female members of the Eighth Street Club, an iconic grouping of downtown artists in 1950s New York. The first hint of critical success came in 1957, when Mitchell was featured in ArtNews’s â€Å"....Paints a Picture† column. â€Å"Mitchell Paints a Picture,† written by prominent critic Irving Sandler, profiled the artist for the major magazine. In 1961, Russell Mitchell Gallery staged the first major exhibition of Mitchell’s work, and in 1972 she was recognized with her first major museum show, at the Everson Museum of Art in Syracuse, NY. Soon after, in 1974, she was given a show at New York’s Whitney Museum, thus cementing her legacy. The last decade of Mitchell’s life saw continued critical success. A life-long smoker, Joan Mitchell died of lung cancer in Paris at the age of 67 in 1992. Artistic Legacy Mitchell’s work was by no means conventional, as she frequently used her fingers, rags, and other instruments she had lying around to apply paint to her canvas. The result is an impactful emotional encounter with her canvases, though Mitchell was often reticent to describe what emotions she was feeling at the painting’s inception and why. Mitchell is often labeled as an Abstract Expressionist, but she deviated from stereotypes of the movement in her deliberateness and distance from her work. She began a canvas not by emotional impulse as her forefathers Pollock and Kline may have, but rather worked from a preconceived mental image. Listening to classical music as she worked, she would regard her work in progress from a distance in order to monitor its progress. Far from the canvas as â€Å"arena,† a term coined by critic Harold Rosenberg in reference to the Abstract Expressionists, Mitchell’s process reveals the premeditated vision she had for her work. Sources Albers, P. (2011.) Joan Mitchell: Lady Painter. New York: Knopf.Anfam, D. (2018.) Joan Mitchell: Paintings from the Middle of the Last Century 1953-1962. New York: Cheim Read.Timeline. joanmitchellfoundation.org. http://joanmitchellfoundation.org/work/artist/timeline/

The Suicide Death of Conrad Roy III

The Suicide Death of Conrad Roy III On July 12, 2014, Conrad Roy III, 18, killed himself by carbon monoxide poisoning by shutting himself in the cab of his pickup truck in a Kmart parking lot with a running gasoline-powered water pump.​ On Feb. 6, 2015, Roys 17-year-old girlfriend Michelle Carter, who was being treated in a mental facility at the time of his death, was charged with involuntary manslaughter for encouraging him to go through with his suicide plan via a number of text messages and phone calls, including one call while he was dying. Here are the latest developments in the Conrad Roy III case. Judge Upholds Manslaughter Charges in Encouraged Suicide Case Sept. 23, 2015:Â  A juvenile court judge has denied a motion to drop criminal charges against a Massachusetts teenager who encouraged her boyfriend to commit suicide. Michelle Carter will face involuntary manslaughter charges for the death of Conrad Roy III. Judge Bettina Borders pointed to evidence that shows Carter was on the phone with Roy for 45 minutes while he was in his vehicle inhaling the carbon monoxide that would kill him and failed to call the police. Judge Borders also cited text messages that reveal that Carter, 17 at the time, told Roy to get back in the truck when his suicide plan began to work and he became afraid. The Grand Jury could find probable cause that her failure to act within the 45 minutes, as well as her instruction to the victim to get back into the truck after he got out of the truck, caused the victims death, the judge said in her ruling to deny the defense motion to dismiss the charges. The defense plans to appeal Borders ruling. The next pretrial hearing is scheduled November 30. Michelle Carters Attorney Wants Charges Dropped Aug. 28, 2015 - The attorney for an 18-year Massachusetts teen accused of encouraging her boyfriend to commit suicide has asked a judge to dismiss the charges against her because prosecutors are trying to apply manslaughter to speech. Joseph Cataldo, attorney for Michelle Carter, said his client is not responsible for the death of Conrad Roy III. It was his plan, Cataldo told the judge. He is someone who caused his own death. Michelle Carters only role in this is words. Carter, who was being treated at McLean Hospital, a psychiatric facility, at the time of Roys death, has been charged with involuntary manslaughter in New Bedford Juvenile Court. Online Relationship Roy, from Mattapoisett, and Carter, from Plainville, had seen each other only a couple of times in-person, they were mostly online friends, exchanging thousands of text messages over the past two years. Cataldo said that Carter, now 18, at first tried to discourage Roy from killing himself, but when that did not work, she became brainwashed over the weeks leading up to his death to assisting him with his suicide plans. Roy had been hospitalized in a psychiatric facility two years before his death and was on medication for his mental condition, Cataldo said. Roy left suicide notes at his home for his family on the day he died. Romeo and Juliet Pact Rejected Cataldo told the court that just days before he killed himself, Roy sent Carter a text suggesting that they should kill themselves together like Romeo and Juliet. Carter responded to the text with, (Expletive), no we are not dying. Carter tried to help Roy by suggesting that he join her at McLean Hospital, but he rejected the idea, Cataldo said. The government is harping, if you will, on her saying when are you going to do it? When are you going to do it? Joseph Cataldo, Carters attorney said. What they are not harping on are all the times she said dont do it, dont do it. Words Are Harmful But, at the court hearing on the defense motion to dismiss the charges, Assistant District Attorney Katie Rayburn told the court that it is possible to commit a crime with words only. One can be an aider and abettor or an accessory before the fact simply for words, Rayburn told the judge. Her words are not protected, Your Honor. Her words are harmful, offensive and likely to cause an immediate, violent act. The indictment against Carter included text messages she sent other friends after Roys death in which she appears to admit being responsible for his death. Its My Fault It’s my fault. I was talking to him while he killed himself. I heard him cry in pain, Carter texted a friend. I was on the phone with him and he got out of the car because it was working and he got scared and I told him to get back in. In a later text, she explained why she told him to get back into the vehicle. I told him to get back in because I knew he would do it all over again the next day, and I couldnt have him live that way the way he was living anymore. I couldnt do it. I wouldnt let him, Carter said. Therapy didnt help him and I wanted him to go to McLeans with me when I went but he would go in the other department for his issues, but he didnt want to go because he said nothing they would do or say would help him or change the way he feels. So I like, started giving up because nothing I did was helping and but I should have tried harder, she continued. Like, I should have did (sic) more. Its all my fault because I could have stopped him but I (expletive) didnt. All I had to say was I love you and dont do this one more time, and hed still be here, Carter said. You Just Fall Asleep On Aug. 28, prosecutors released to the media other texts that Carter sent directly to Roy during the time leading up to his death. They included: There is no way you can fail... Youre strong... I love you to the moon and back and deeper than the ocean and higher than the pines, too, babe forever and always. Its painless and quickEveryone will be sad for a while but they will get over it and move on.Do you have the generator? WELL WHEN ARE YOU GETTING IT?You just need to do it, Conrad. The more you push it off, the more it will eat at you. Youre ready and prepared.All you have to do is turn the generator on and you will be free and happy. No more pushing it off. No more waiting.You have everything you need. There is no way you can fail. Tonight is the night. Its now or never.Yeah, it will work. If you emit 3200 ppm of it for five or ten minutes you die within a half hour. You lose consciousness with no pain. You just fall asleep and die. Conviction and Sentencing Carter was freed on $2,500 bond and was ordered by the judge not to use social media. Even in youthful offender court, in Massachusetts, she was looking at the possibility of being sentenced to 20 years if convicted. However, in August 2017 she was sentenced to 15 months in prison, with the sentencing judge ultimately convicting her of involuntary manslaughter due in part to the complexities of criminal responsibility in the case. Source Woman sentenced to 15 months in texting suicide case, CNN.com. August 3, 2017

Make a topic for me Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Make a topic for me - Research Paper Example Microprocessor is the center fold of this amazing and life transforming advancement in technology. Microprocessor has greatly contributed to the current revolution in the computing world and the associated disciplines. From personal assistant devices, mobile phones, desktop computer, servers to supercomputers, microprocessor remains the center fold of the technology. The paper discusses the development history of microprocessor, its societal needs, its design and operation and its associated design process. Microprocessor represents the core of the computer, sometimes known as the central processing unit (CPU). It is an entire computing engine that is formulated in a single integrated circuit chip and tasked with the basic operations of a computer such as the arithmetic (addition and subtraction) and processing functions. It is a multipurpose device that is can be programmed to accept digital data, processes it according to instructions which are stored in the memory and outputs the results (Crisp, 2004). There is increased reliability associated with single chip microprocessors as compared to the previous versions given that there point of failure is minimized by the reduced number of electrical connections. The cost of microprocessor manufacture is generally reduced given the highly automated process employed. The design and performance of microprocessor has undergone a lot of transformations and innovations over the years since the invention of the first microprocessor back in 1971. The Intel 4004 forms the first microprocessor to be introduced. Its functionalities were limited to mere addition and subtraction with a memory size of only 4 bits. The main characteristic of 4004 was the fact the circuit was integrated in one chip. Previous to the introduction of Intel 4004, a collection of discrete components or chips formed the computer. After Intel 4004, an

American government policies in overcoming the aftermath of the Assignment

American government policies in overcoming the aftermath of the Financial Crisis of 2008 - Assignment Example The US directive on the mortgage financial institutions to decentralize their loan facilities to the mid and low income earners increased the risk involved leading to an enormous increase in defaults. High leverage ratios were explicit results of the financial crisis leading to lack of confidence in the financial institution by the investors. Bankruptcy was experienced by a number of mortgages lending institution due to lack of credit worthiness to finance their activities (Braun and Borja, 2004). Failure, economic bailout by the government, mergers, in addition to takeovers of financial institutions for example the Washington mutual, Merrill lynch ,Wachovia and many more was also a major implication of the financial crisis. The insurance companies for instance AIG were not able to offer the necessary insurance on the loans given because they did not have the funds to offer such services. A number of the financial institutions resulted in stringent measures in terms of offering loans leading to few people applying for the loans and the resultants is the decline in profits for the banks, reduced money supply as well as lack of assets acquisition by the people who rely on these loans. Stock markets The decline in the average index was a major result of the crisis. For instance, Dow Jones industrial Average index declined from a high 14,000 points to 6,600 points in a span of two years within the crisis period (Evans-Pritchard and Ambrose, 2007). As a result, Investment turnover declined. Decline in the turnover rate led to lack of investment in the stock markets. Major players in the stock markets that are the New York Stock Exchange, for example Dow Jones and brokers...This paper seeks to analyze the economic impact of the financial crisis in US as well as the measures that have been taken by the US government to address the implications of the crisis. According to many economists, the housing bubble that occurred in US was a major trigger that resulted to reduced value of the securities in the US market as well as the prices of the real estates. World economists have come with various theories that attributed to the financial crisis. According to Levin-Coburn Report, a policy paper that was issued by US Senate, the crisis was not as a result of natural forces but it was caused by complex financial products, inadequate credit rating mechanisms and conflict of interests among other factors. In terms of the consumer wealth, crisis led to decline of the investments with most of the local and international investors losing huge amounts of investments caused by the collapse of their companies. As a result of the financial crisis, most of US banks suffered heavy losses due to the unpaid loans. One of the major financial institutions that underwent a financial crisis was the Lehman brothers. The financial crisis also led to insolvency of many banks and financial institutions in the U.S The U.S Governments adopted different policies such as; financial saving plans, spending stimulus packages, and aggressive monetary policies to contain the crisis. The crisis moved the US into deep recession due to bankruptcies and foreclosure of banks and firms that caused huge layoffs and reduced disposable income.

Animal Farm by George Orwell Essay Example for Free

Animal Farm by George Orwell Essay Napoleon is the main character from the book Animal Farm written by George Orwell. He is a demanding, overpowering pig who always gets what he wants. In the book Napoleon is a common pig that gets rid of the pig that shares power with him, Snowball and takes over the leader ship of the farm which he later turns into a dictatorship. The difference between Napoleon and Snowball is what makes the book powerful and refers to what real people get manipulated easily. Napoleon is based on the real life person Joseph Stalin, who ruled the Soviet Union for 30 years. The name Napoleon comes from the French general Napoleon Bonaparte, who was power crazy and a dictator. In the book Napoleon is a bad pig from the beginning. He fights along with his fellow pig, Snowball to free the farm from humans but later on starts making some suspicious decisions such as drinking the milk that the animals have worked for and taking the puppies of Jessie and Bluebell for himself. Napoleon takes over by sending his dogs after Snowball, who runs away, do to fear. Slowly but surely we see him take one step at a time towards the crown of being the only leader. For example he changes the seven Commandments rules against killing, drinking, and sleeping in bed. All the animals are forced to work just as hard as before the rebellion and they don’t even get enough food. Napoleon makes the other animals fear him by killing the animals that have made wrong decisions and starving some of them because they don’t do as he says. Soon enough everyone does as he wishes and behaves after his will. Napoleon praises himself for all the things that he has done for the animals which in the end is nothing.

Gorilla Research Paper -- essays research papers

Common name- Gorilla Scientific name- Gorilla gorilla class- mammalia order- primata family- pongidae genus- gorilla   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The gorillas live mainly in coastal West Africa in the Congo, Zaire, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon. Gorillas live in the rain forest. They usually live on the ground but build nest in trees to sleep in. Gorilla troops keep a 15-20 square mile range which often overlaps the range of other troops. There are three different kinds of gorillas. The eastern lowland gorilla the western lowland and the mountain gorilla. They are herbivores and eat only wild celery, roots, tree bark pulp, fruit, stems of many plants and bamboo shoots. They spend nearly half their day eating. The destruction of their habitat and destruction are the two great threats to the gorillas. The places where they are found are poor and densely populated. The land that is set aside for gorillas is being taken over by agriculture. The wire traps that poachers set out for antelope usually end up catching gorillas instead. People kill them for their heads and hands as trophies. The western lowland gorilla is listed as an endangered species.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The physical characteristics of a gorilla are, the male may be from a height of 5.5 ft and a weight of about 400 lbs. The female can be as tall as 5 ft. and weight almost about half the weight of the male. Their skull is pretty much similar to ours, but their bones are thicker. The gorillas spin... Gorilla Research Paper -- essays research papers Common name- Gorilla Scientific name- Gorilla gorilla class- mammalia order- primata family- pongidae genus- gorilla   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The gorillas live mainly in coastal West Africa in the Congo, Zaire, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon. Gorillas live in the rain forest. They usually live on the ground but build nest in trees to sleep in. Gorilla troops keep a 15-20 square mile range which often overlaps the range of other troops. There are three different kinds of gorillas. The eastern lowland gorilla the western lowland and the mountain gorilla. They are herbivores and eat only wild celery, roots, tree bark pulp, fruit, stems of many plants and bamboo shoots. They spend nearly half their day eating. The destruction of their habitat and destruction are the two great threats to the gorillas. The places where they are found are poor and densely populated. The land that is set aside for gorillas is being taken over by agriculture. The wire traps that poachers set out for antelope usually end up catching gorillas instead. People kill them for their heads and hands as trophies. The western lowland gorilla is listed as an endangered species.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The physical characteristics of a gorilla are, the male may be from a height of 5.5 ft and a weight of about 400 lbs. The female can be as tall as 5 ft. and weight almost about half the weight of the male. Their skull is pretty much similar to ours, but their bones are thicker. The gorillas spin...

The Shawshank Redemption: Movie Synopsis

A movie the calibre of The Shawshank Redemption only comes along once in a long time. The acting and story stand out in the mind of many critics as the best of all time. The novella written by Stephen King is what the movie was based upon and they are quite similar. Although there are similarities, the movie captivates and grabs the viewer as opposed to the novella, which seems to drag on a bit. Darabont's adaptation of Rita Hayworth and the Shawshank Redemption turns an average novella into a theatrical masterpiece through the exclusion of unnecessary characters, the addition of an incredible musical score to add to the mood, a perfect adaptation of the setting and major characters, and a slightly different plot that solidifies the view of certain characters. Certain characters in the book were eliminated simply because they were not necessary. In the novella, there were many individuals who were only mentioned for a few seconds and forgotten just as quickly. The director does a good job cutting most of these out. For example, in the novella there was a character that raised a crow in his cell, Sherwood Bolton. In the movie this trait was given to another character that already existed, the librarian of the prison named Brooks Hadlen. This way, the director was able to get rid of an unnecessary character and make another character better. The novella made Brooks a hard-nosed person with little dialogue and no depth, the movie took the Brooks character and gave him different traits that make the viewer sympathize with him. The character of Brooks in the movie was released and later commits suicide, proving to be one of the truly sad moments in the film and also strengthens Red's point about being institutionalized: â€Å"They give you life, and that’s what they take—all of it that counts, anyway†. In the novella he was referring Sherwood Bolton, in the movie he instead refers to Brooks Hadlen, who the audience knows better than they would have known Bolton, who was only mentioned for a few seconds in the novella. In the movie, Andy was said to have a cellmate named Normadden, a native Indian who only stayed with Andy for a short time. This really detracts from the character of Andy who had pride in being alone and was always a mysterious character. With a cellmate this would be taken away. In turn, Normadden gave a clue for Andy's escape, saying the room was chilly, but this adds little to the novella and would just leave an undeveloped minor character in the movie that no one would feel or care for. Finally, the elimination of all the wardens that controlled the prison during Andy's stay got rid of a collection of unnecessary characters. The constant changing of Warden's during Andy's stay would have added confusion to the viewer, having to change focus to a new warden with different attributes. The movie only used the last warden from the book to watch over Andy the entire time he was in the prison. This gives the viewer time to grow to hate the warden for the various evil crimes he commits.

The Lenape Indians

Running head: THE LENAPE INDIANS The Lenape Indians Pennsylvania and Local History The Lenape Indians The Delaware River, named after Sir Thomas West, Lord de la Warr the governor of the Jamestown colony, flows from the Catskill Mountains in New York to the Delaware Bay along the borders of New Jersey and Delaware. The Delaware River meanders along and forms the boundary of present-day Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The first known inhabitants living along the banks of the Delaware River were the Eastern Woodland natives known as the Lenape Indians – sometimes called the Lenni Lenape or the Delaware Indians. Lenape stands for common or ordinary people and they called their land along the Delaware River Lenapehoking meaning Land of the Lenape (Kraft, 2005). At one time, the area known as Lenapehoking covered the southeastern portion of New York (including Staten Island and the western portion of Long Island), the southwestern portion of Connecticut, Eastern Pennsylvania, all of New Jersey, and the northeastern portion of Delaware along the Delaware Bay (Kraft, 2005). Evidence of the Lenape Indian’s presence in this geographic region dates back 3,000 years. The Lenapes first encountered the Europeans during the 16th Century. The discovered artifacts, the writings of the European settlers, and the stories passed down through the generations of Lenapes give us the story of the life and customs of the Lenape Indians as it was back during that time period. Two distinctly large groups of Lenape Indians, separated by geographic regions, made up what was known as Lenapehoking. The group of Lenape living north of what is today the Delaware Water Gap spoke a Munsee dialect and the group to the south spoke a Unami dialect (Lenape Lifeways, Inc, 2002). These two groups of Lenape Indians were organized into many bands which the Europeans called tribes. These small groups lived along the streams and rivers at the edge of the thick forests. In the northern Munsee group, the bands included the Raritan, Hackensack, Tappan, and Minisink Indians. The Unami group to the south consisted of the bands known as the Siconese, Mantaes, Remkokes, and Sankhikan Indians (Kraft, 2005). Each band of Lenapes had three separate clans also known as phratry – the turtle clan, the wolf clan, and the turkey clan. All Lenapes belonged to one of these three clans (Kraft, 2005). The extended families within each band were related through their mother. Clan membership was always passed down through the mother’s lineage. Each family group consisted of the mother and all her children and their children, the grandmother, and the mother’s brothers and sisters and their children. The Lenape married in their teens and were required to marry someone from a different clan. The new husband left his clan and moved in with his wife’s family. Their children and grandchildren always stayed with their mother’s clan (Grumet, 1989). The Lenape spent much of their time working out-of doors. This accounted for their tanned skin coloring and their muscular physique. The males spent their days hunting, trapping, and fishing. The men did the heavy work such as clearing the forests for their homes and gardens, building their shelters, and making tools out of stone and animal bones which were necessary for them to hunt, sew, and garden. All pieces of the animals they hunted were used for some practical tool, pieces of clothing or blankets, or decoration. The woman kept busy caring for the children, cooking, gardening, sewing, scavenging for food, herbs and firewood in the forests, and preparing food for storage. Their clothing was minimal in the warmer weather. When it got colder, both the males and females wore leggings, fur robes, and moccasins (Kraft, 2005) made from the hides of the animals they hunted. Their clothing was often decorated with seeds, shells, and paints. The Lenape were seasonal travelers and always returned to their homeland for the winter seasons. During the warmer weather they traveled to trade with the other bands in their region or with other Indian tribes in different territories as far away as the Carolinas and the Mississippi Valley (Grumet, 1989). They mostly traveled on foot following animal trails or streambeds. The Lenape traveled by water when the streams and lakes were not frozen. On water they traveled by dugouts which were a primitive type of the canoe. These dugouts were made from large trunks of trees. The Lenape would start a fire at a base of a tree to fell the tree, start a fire in the center of the tree trunk to soften it, and then use their handmade tools to dig out the ash from the center until it was hollowed out enough to float. In 1955, an 18 foot long chestnut dugout believed to be from the Lenape Indians circa 600-1700’s washed up from Lake Wallenpaupack in northeastern Pennsylvania during the flooding that occurred during Hurricane Diane. It is now on display at the PP&L Education Center in the Pocono Mountains. The Lenape Indians appointed a village leader they called the sachem who helped make decisions for the group. This was always a male who was deemed wise and skilled who received advice from the other village elders. He was knowledgeable about their religion and led the group in their rituals and ceremonies. When the Europeans arrived and met the Indians, they called these leaders the Indian Chiefs. This Chief was different from the war chiefs who were the tribe’s skilled hunters. Another leader in the Lenape village was the Medicine Man or Woman. This leader was knowledgeable in the various teas, herbs, and poultices that were used to heal the sick and wounded. In addition to the herbs, the Lenape searched the forest for wild fruits and berries. They cleared areas of the forests around their homes to be used for gardens. The main agricultural crops that they planted and harvested, known as the three sisters, were beans, squash, and corn or maize (Lenape Lifeways, Inc, 2002). Their shelters were either smaller wigwams or teepees which held two to three families or the much larger longhouses which were up to 60 feet long and held up to 25 people. The men built these shelters from many rows of saplings they bent to meet in the center to form a domed roof and then covered them with overlaying pieces of bark from chestnut or elm trees. There were no windows in these shelters; only a door at each end of the longhouse which was covered with animal skins to keep the cold weather out. Open fires were built inside the shelters for warmth and cooking; therefore openings were left in the domed roofs to allow the smoke to escape (Kraft, 2005). This is what the first Europeans were greeted with along the Delaware River valley when they arrived in the early 16th Century. The first outsider to see the Lenape Indians was the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano in the early 1500’s when he entered the Hudson Bay. His writings told of what the Lenape Indians looked like and how gentile they were (Grumet, 1989). The next group of Europeans to encounter the Lenape Indians was the Dutch settlers in early 1600’s. The Dutch traded furs with the Lenape for their more refined metal tools. As the trading expanded, the Europeans and the native Lenape soon engaged in hostilities. The Europeans were interested in the furs, mostly favored was the beaver fur, and the acquisition of the rich land that the Lenape inhabited (Lenape Lifeways, Inc, 2002). Other than trading, the Europeans introduced many diseases that the Lenape had no immunities to. These diseases consisted of smallpox, measles, mumps, and scarlet fever and they proceeded to devastate the native’s population. Warfare and the introduction of alcohol from the colonists further contributed to the decline of the Lenape population. Where once there were over 24,000 Indians residing in Lenapehoking; after the arrival of the Europeans, the population dwindled to less than 3,000 by the beginning of the 1700’s (Grumet, 1989, p. 34). The Lenapes’ other prized possession was the beads they created from the shells littering the coastal shores of Lenapehoking. The natives called these purple and white beads wampum and the Europeans used these as currency with the Indians (Grumet, 1989). As the Lenape depleted their crops and animals with their hunting and trading, they expanded their communities to the Ohio region in the 1600’s. Many of the Lenape Indians moved away from Lenapehoking across the Allegheny Mountains to the Susquehanna River valley to just distance themselves from the Europeans and because of the various land acquisitions and treaties that were signed. This westward migration of the Lenapes caused conflicts with other Indian tribes and continued conflicts with the Dutch settlers led to ravaged Indian and European communities (Grumet, 1989). These treaties and early sales agreements were signed by the Lenapes for the sale of their lands. One such infamous treaty was the 1737 Walking Purchase. William Penn’s sons, Thomas and James, wishing to increase their income through land sales, found an old treaty from 1686 that was never used. This treaty would grant to the proprietors of Pennsylvania as much Lenape land north along the Delaware River as far as a man could walk in a day and a half. In 1737, the Penn brothers convinced the then four Lenape Indian Chiefs to agree to hold to their end of this agreement that their forefathers had signed (Miller & Pencak, 2002). William Penn, a Quaker and founder of Pennsylvania, dealt fairly with the Indian natives, but his sons who took over after he returned to England began to accumulate more and more land and took advantage of the trust the Lenapes had formed toward the colonists when their father was there. Land was extremely important to the Lenape Indians, but the four Lenape Indian Chiefs thinking the treaty was a genuine treaty signed by heir ancestors, and figuring a man could only walk a short distance over that wilderness in a day and a half, agreed to honor the treaty. What ensued was that Penn’s heirs, hired the three fastest runners in the colony and had them run for the purchase on a well planned trail. The three runners started in what is today Wrightstown, New Jersey and the pace was so intense that only on e of the runners actually made it as far as what is today known as Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania. This distance was about 70 miles and allowed the Penns to acquire roughly 1,200,000 acres of land in what was Lenapehoking. The area of land that was part of the Walking Purchase covers what is the size of the state of Rhode Island consisting of what is most of the present day counties of Pike, Monroe, Carbon, Schuylkill, Northampton, Lehigh, and Bucks. The four Lenape leaders felt that they had been swindled by the colonists but honored it because of the treaty they had signed (Walking Purchase, 2009). This forced the Lenape natives into the other areas of Lenapehoking causing over-crowding which also led to their migration further west. Today most of the Lenape Indians reside in Oklahoma and Canada but some still reside in their ancestral lands in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Nora Thompson Dean was believed to be one of the last known full-blooded Lenape Indians along with her brother Edward Leonard Thompson. Her Indian name was Touching Leaves and she lived her adult years in Oklahoma. Touching Leaves died in 1984 and her brother died in 2002. They belonged to the southern territory of Lenapehoking and were one of the few who could still speak the Unami dialect of the Lenape Indians (Rem, 1984). Today you can still find evidence of the life of the Lenape Indians through the artifacts discovered along the valleys and coasts of the Hudson and Delaware Rivers. The archaeological sites in the Delaware Valley have yielded many artifacts such as spearheads, arrowheads, knives, and remains of clay cooking pots that tell us of the culture of the Lenape Indians. Many streets, towns, parks and waterways bear the Lenape names in the Delaware River regions of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York. Some of these are Manhattan, Hackensack, Allegheny, Catasauqua, Cocalico, Conshohocken, Catawissa, to name a few (Lenape Lifeways, Inc, 2002). The Lenape tribe was considered to be one of the most advanced and civilized of all Indian tribes in Eastern United States. The Pocono Indian Museum in Bushkill, Pennsylvania is the home to many of these artifacts. Today there are Delaware Indian Reservations in Indian Territory in Oklahoma and two in Ontario, Canada. Only on these reservations does the government recognized the tribal governments. The Lenape elders continue to pass down their traditions and old ways to the newer generations. The Delaware Indians today continue to struggle to preserve their traditions and identities. There are over 13,000 Delaware Indians registered today and recognized by the United States and Canadian governments and many thousands more claim Delaware ancestry. Very few are able to speak their ancestors language (Grumet, 1989). The children on the reservations attend classes rich in the teachings of the arts and traditions of the Lenape ways. References Grumet, R. S. (1989). The Lenapes. (F. W. Porter, III, Ed. ). New York and Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. Kraft, H. C. (2005). The Lenape or Delaware Indians (8th ed. ). Stanhope, NJ: Lenape Lifeways, Inc. Lenape Lifeways, Inc (2002). About The Lenapes. Retrieved November 29, 2009, from http://lenapelifeways. org/lenape1. htm Miller, R. M. , & Pencak, W. (Eds. ). (2002). Pennsylvania: A history of the Commonwealth. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press. Rem, J. (1984, December 1). Obit of Dean, Nora T. Bartlesville Examiner-Enterprise. Retrieved November 29, 2009, from http://files. usgwarchives. org/ok/washington/obits/d5000085. txt Walking Purchase. (2009). Retrieved December 4, 2009, from : http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Walking_Purchase

The Mystery of Chinese Culture Behind the Walls of White

The Mystery of Chinese Culture Behind the Walls of White Living in houses, we fill our rooms with the specific atmosphere that is characteristic only for our inner self. The interior design mirrors our thoughts and ideas, telling the guests much more than the host would like to tell them. Because of the peculiarities of the Chinese culture, the room of a Chinese teenager can offer much more food for thoughts than a museum excursion.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Mystery of Chinese Culture: Behind the Walls of White specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Taking a closer look at the way the girl has designed the interior of her room, one can see the peculiarities of the Chinese culture mixed with the girl’s tastes to produce a stunning and unusual effect. Because of the mixture of Chinese and Japanese which the room represents, the interior provides sufficient food for thoughts concerning the cultures fusion and the way it is represented in the Chinese room interior. You Name It! The Denotative Analysis Because of the fact that the room under the analysis belongs to a teenage Chinese girl, it is quite peculiar to see the way the Chinese wisdom and religious traditions are intertwined with the teenager’s tastes and preferences. Analyzing the denotation of the room design, one must mention that the spirit of Chinese traditions and beliefs still can be traced here, despite the influence of the modern ideas and trends which is evident in the style of the room decoration and the objects that the girl has used to furnish the room. Defining the purpose of the objects in the room, one has to mention that most of them are designed to create the specific atmosphere of belonging to certain teenage culture, namely, Japanese anime. Therefore, many objects are used only for decoration of the room, whereas there are only few which serve certain purpose. Among them, there are the objects that are most necessary for a teenage girl, that is, the bed, a s mall table, a lamp on it, a couple of chairs and a writing table with a computer on it. The functionality of the objects is quite obvious, it must be admitted. The way the room is furnished reflects the traditional idea of the Chinese minimalism with the inevitable speck of chic about the details of the interior. It cannot be denied that the Chinese longing for the refined atmosphere is fully represented in this small room; even the rugs on the floor possess the gleam of silk. Combined with the traditional minimalism, the furnishing of the house provides the traditional impression that Crouch was talking about: â€Å"This holistic approach cam be analyzed in terms of functional needs, technology and aesthetics† (240).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another feature of the room is the big windows with rather light curtains that move with each slight blow of the w ind. Creating an impression of spaciousness and freshness, the big windows are traditional for the southern part of China, as Crouch marks (240), which is a mark of what part of China exactly the girl comes from. Therefore, the functionality of the room cannot be denied. Yet on the other hand, one has to admit that the premises are overstuffed with a plethora of decorative items that do not have certain purpose and are used rather as the lucky charms or the elements of the girl’s culture. Looking through the Prism of Chinese Culture: The Connotative Analysis Requiring a deep insight into the fusion of the Chinese and the Japanese cultures, the connotative analysis of the girl’s room will offer an exciting trip to the world of Japanese anime and Chinese myths. As Moore marked it, â€Å"Inferences about a variety of characteristics of the interior of the home and the residents reflected the actual characteristics† (169). Therefore, a connotative analysis of the gi rl’s room can be the key to her character as well. What strikes most about the room is quite unusual combination of the blue and orange colors in the interior. Ranging from the light-blue tint of the wallpaper up to the deep-blue color of the blanket on the bed, the marine palette allows to suggest that the girl wants to fill her room with the air of happiness, love and coziness. According to what Webster says, Orange symbolizes fertility, love, luxury and comfort. In China and Japan, orange symbolizes love and happiness. Oranges are eaten on the second day of the Chinese New Year to attract good luck in the coming year (Webster 34). Adding the blue palette to the room design seems quite wise step, since the shades of blue balance the bright and buoyant orange palette. In addition, the blue color intensifies the skills to think and meditate, which is also extremely important for the Chinese vision of the world. Webster emphasizes that the blue color â€Å"symbolizes love, si ncerity, honesty and hope. It also relates to purity, eternity, devotion and spirituality† (Webster 34). Thus, it has to be admitted that the color cats has extremely important significance for the room and the atmosphere in it. Creating the air of love and devotion mixed with spirituality and purity, the girl has managed to design a room that fits her of dreams and desires. Combining the elements that might have seemed incompatible to a stranger, she created the vision of a world that she would like to live in.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Mystery of Chinese Culture: Behind the Walls of White specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Taking a closer look at the elements of dà ©cor, which the girl has used to bring certain element of individuality in her room, one can claim with certainty that the Japanese anime has had its impact on her. As one takes a closer look at the elements of decoration and the overall atmosphere of the room, it becomes clear that the place possesses the typical features of the Japanese anime. Take a look at the way in which the idea of magic is interpreted in the room design: the shapes o the chairs and the table, the numerous lucky charms and knick-knacks remind of the fairy-tales about wizards and magic. Portraying a typical â€Å"magic girl† from a Japanese comic strip, these elements contribute to the overall image of the room and its owner. This room reflects the idea of the magical girl that Drazen was speaking about: Her powers include a magic pen that allows her to transform into an adolescent version of herself – an older Minky Momo who can do anything perfectly, which is surely the wish of any child who has been told, â€Å"You’re too young.† (Drazen 43). Indeed, the mirror framed with the magic-like patterns, the traditional sharp shapes of the Japanese anime and other â€Å"magical† elements can be found everywhere in the room. The entire place looks like a trip to a fairy-tale. Conclusion With help of the peculiar design and several essential details a nameless room turned into the place where a teenage Chinese dreamer lives. Combining the incompatible, the girl created a unique place that is the reflection of her inimitable self. This charming room is a perfect example of how cultural background mixed with taste preferences and the hobby can add the room an incredible flavor of authenticity. Crouch, Christopher. Contemporary Chinese Visual Culture: Tradition, Modernity, and Globalization. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press, 2010. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Drazden, Patric. Anime Explosion! The What? Why? Wow! of Japanese Animation. Berkeley, CA: Stone Bridge Press, 2003. Print. Moore, Gary T., and Robert W. Marans. Towards the Integration of Theory, Methods, Research, and Utilization. Heidelberg, Berlin: Springler, 1997. Print. Webster, Richard. The Complete Book of Auras: Learn to See, Read, Strengthen and Heal Auras. Woodbury, MN: Llewellyn Worldwide, 2010. Print.

Definition and Examples of Commoratio in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Commoratio in Rhetoric Definition Commoratio is a  rhetorical term for dwelling on a point by repeating it several times in different words. Also known as  synonymia and communio.In Shakespeares Use of the Arts of Language (1947),   Sister Miriam Joseph describes commoratio as a figure whereby one seeks to win an argument by continually coming back to ones strongest point, as Shylock does when he keeps insisting that Antonio pay the penalty and forfeit of the bond (The Merchant of Venice, 4.1.36-242). See Examples and Observations  below. Also see: EpimoneTautologyTwelve Types of Questions in Casablanca EtymologyFrom the Latin, dwelling Examples and Observations Hes passed on! This parrot is no more! He has ceased to be! Hes expired and gone to meet his maker! Hes a stiff! Bereft of life, he rests in peace! If you hadnt nailed him to the perch hed be pushing up the daisies! His metabolic processes are now history! Hes off the twig! Hes kicked the bucket, hes shuffled off his mortal coil, run down the curtain and joined the bleedin choir invisible! THIS IS AN EX-PARROT!!(John Cleese in The Dead Parrot Sketch, Monty Pythons Flying Circus)With bad grace, [Shahid] had eventually conceded that [Iqbal] had to go. And then, yesterday, most amazing thing of allhe had gone! Moved out! Vamoosed! Iqbal was out of there! Elvis had left the building! The fat lady had sung! Mandela had been freed! Shahid had has life back!(John Lanchester, Capital. W.W. Norton, 2012)He’s gone off his rocker! shouted one of the fathers, aghast, and the other parents joined in the chorus of frightened shouting.He’s crazy! they shouted.He’s balmy!He†™s nutty!He’s screwy!He’s batty!He’s dippy!He’s dotty!He’s daffy!He’s goofy!He’s beany!He’s buggy!He’s wacky!He’s loony!No, he is not! said Grandpa Joe.(Roald Dahl, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory) Brave Sir Robin ran awayBravely ran away, awayWhen danger reared its ugly headHe bravely turned his tail and fledYes, Brave Sir Robin turned aboutUndoubtedly he chickened outBravely taking to his feet,He beat a very brave retreat . . ..(Monty Python and the Holy Grail)Space is big. You just wont believe how vastly, hugely, mind- bogglingly big it is. I mean, you may think its a long way down the road to the chemists, but thats just peanuts to space.(Douglas Adams, The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy)At this moment of her diving, as she is suspended in mid-jackknife, nothing happens on the East End of Long Island. Not a single nail is nailed. Not a single hedge is trimmed. Not a single bottle of Chà ¢teau Whatanamazingwine is sold. Not one compliment is paid to a tomato or an ear of corn or a peach. No one asks where the potato fields have gone. Likewise the duck farms. No Filipino housekeeper is yelled at for failing to position the fruit forks correctly. No year-round resident is p ushed aside at a farmers market. No one asks anyone else to a small dinner just for close friends or wishes there were more time to spend reading quietly on the beach away from all the big parties. No one gives kudos. Or draws raves. No one embarks on an exciting new phase of his life, or enters a third act of his life, or comments that life is a journey. No one plans a benefit dance for a fatal disease. No one lowers his voice to say Jew.Nothing moves. Nothing makes a sound. The universe lies in respectful silence as sex and commerce find their and apogee in Kathy Polite and her morning swim. For one brief moment in this day for what certainly will be the only such moment, I am at peaceall bitterness relieved, all burdens lifted from me. The wind kicks up. I bless her unaware.(Roger Rosenblatt, Lapham Rising. HarperCollins, 2006) Commoratio occurs when one remains rather long upon, and often returns to the strongest topic on which the whole case rests. . . . I have been unable to subjoin a quite appropriate example of the figure, because the topic is not isolated from the whole cause like some limb, but like blood is spread throughout the whole body of the discourse.(Rhetorica Ad Herennium, c. 90 BC) Pronunciation: ko mo RAHT see oh

National Basketball Players Association Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

National Basketball Players Association - Essay Example According to Stein (2011), the union was supposed to be like the guardian angel to the players by negotiating collective agreements, representing their grievances and guiding the players. It would also solve disputes arising between players and their teams, even player-player quarrels. Its overall purpose was to act at the best interest of players. The organization also creates a forum for members to engage in union activities. This is mainly through community outreach programs and in leadership roles. History of the Union The organization of the basketball union began in 1954 by the league’s top player Bob Cousy. He contacted other top players within the league and encouraged them of the importance of player unity. However, he received some opposition mainly from club owners, but the  club owners  insisted on their perspective. NBPA Official website (2013) says that in the year 1955, they came up with a list of concerns to the league’s bosses especially on the paym ent of back wages to the non-operational Baltimore Bullets club. They urged for the institution of a twenty-game limit on exhibition games and also to allow players to share on the benefits. They also championed for an independent settlement of player-owner conflicts. In 1957,  the National Basketball Association's board of governors eventually gave in to the pressure and acknowledged the players union. They gave in to a list of demands from the players. According to the demands, players’ contracts had to be done by September 1st of every year. Regular players were not needed to report to training earlier than four weeks before the start of the season. Appearance of players on radio and television was to be considered, and the removal of the fine on whispering. According to Stein (2011), these acts were all for the benefit of the professional basketball players, thus encouraging them to participate in it. With time, they were able to bargain for more; in 1967 they bargained for monthly pension to players up to 65 years of age from start of their careers. These included new insurance packages and medical benefits and an increase to rookie salaries. Current Demographics of the Union The National Basketball Players has grown a lot over the years. It has led to the growth and development of talents. Many basketball players owe their fortune and careers to this organization. It has helped nurture and protects the players, welfare throughout all these years since its inception.  Thirty basketball clubs have their representatives on this union, and they are players chosen  by their colleagues  to represent them during executive meetings. The union’s current president is Derek Fisher while the first vice president is Jerry Stackhouse. Secretary-Treasurer is James Jones with six other vice presidents. Thirty teams each have one representative to the union. The representatives also have alternatives who can sit on their behalf in case they might no t be available. The organization has well over four hundred professional basketball players as its members. They are thus the major stakeholders of the union and are responsible for electing new officials to govern this body. The organization is created such that it has a number of departments with each responsible for various activities. According to NBPA Official website (2013), executive director’s office is the overall office overseeing all activities in the organization. We then have the legal department involved in handling all legal